中國(guó)制造的娃娃、玩具給世界各地的孩子帶去了快樂。然而,當(dāng)娃娃漲價(jià)、玩具斷貨,美國(guó)的孩子還能玩什么?
美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng) (CNN)近日發(fā)文稱,隨著特朗普總統(tǒng)再度加碼對(duì)華關(guān)稅,美國(guó)玩具行業(yè)正面臨前所未有的打擊。
“對(duì)于美國(guó)家庭而言,這意味著原本價(jià)格親民的玩具,正在變成奢侈品。”文章援引美國(guó)玩具協(xié)會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù)表示,美國(guó)市場(chǎng)上將近 80%的玩具都產(chǎn)自中國(guó)。
Now, goods from China are being tariffed at a whopping 145 percent rate. For American families, this means relatively inexpensive toys could become luxuries. That's because nearly 80 percent of all toys sold in the US are manufactured in China, according to the Toy Association, a leading industry group.
“我們別無選擇,只能將價(jià)格提高幾十個(gè)百分點(diǎn),”總部位于加州的MGA娛樂公司首席執(zhí)行官艾薩克·拉里安 (Isaac Larian)說。他的公司生產(chǎn)包括Bratz系列娃娃和L.O.L. Surprise!系列娃娃等在內(nèi)的多款美國(guó)暢銷玩具。“我辛苦經(jīng)營(yíng)了46年的企業(yè),現(xiàn)在岌岌可危。”
"We have no choice but to increase our prices by high double digits," said Isaac Larian, CEO of California-based MGA Entertainment, which makes Bratz and L.O.L. Surprise! Dolls, among several other toys. "The life of my business, 46 years, is on the line."
MGA娛樂公司售賣的L.O.L. Surprise!玩具截圖
“我能怎么辦?難道要賣禿頭娃娃?”
特朗普表示加征關(guān)稅的主要?jiǎng)右蛑皇菫榘阎圃鞓I(yè)崗位帶回美國(guó)。然而,拉里安指出,加征關(guān)稅將迫使他裁員,尤其是在俄亥俄州哈德遜的工廠,那里的員工總數(shù)約為700人,生產(chǎn)的許多商品都是銷往中國(guó)。
“公司的大部分生產(chǎn)是在中國(guó)進(jìn)行,但俄亥俄州工廠主要生產(chǎn)Little Tikes品牌的產(chǎn)品,包括小汽車和沙盤玩具。”
Little Tikes的經(jīng)典款Cozy Coupe小汽車是MGA娛樂公司最受歡迎的產(chǎn)品之一。
拉里安還表示,雖然該工廠有能力擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn),但“美國(guó)人不愿意在工廠工作”。
While the majority of MGA's production remains in China, its Ohio factory produces much of its Little Tikes line of goods, including toy cars and sandboxes. The facility could manufacture more toys, but Americans "do not want to work in factories," he said.
即便能找到足夠的工人,在美國(guó)制造原本在中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的玩具,成本仍然會(huì)更高,即使是在現(xiàn)有的關(guān)稅條件下。
他還指出,要在美國(guó)本土尋找制作娃娃頭發(fā)的原材料尤其困難。“全美沒有一家工廠能生產(chǎn)娃娃頭發(fā)。我能怎么辦?賣禿頭娃娃嗎?”拉里安說。
"There is no American factory anywhere that can make hair for dolls. What am I supposed to do? Sell bald dolls?" Larian said.
“別無選擇”:中國(guó)仍是玩具制造的主力軍
CNN的文章指出,雖然部分行業(yè)已將供應(yīng)鏈從中國(guó)遷出,但美國(guó)玩具進(jìn)口最主要的來源地依然是中國(guó)。據(jù)美國(guó)商務(wù)部數(shù)據(jù)顯示,美國(guó)去年進(jìn)口的玩具總額接近177億美元,其中約75%,即134億美元來自中國(guó)。
美國(guó)玩具協(xié)會(huì)主席兼首席執(zhí)行官格雷格·阿赫恩 (Greg Ahearn)表示:“這要追溯到上世紀(jì)80年代和90年代,當(dāng)時(shí)企業(yè)正在全球?qū)ふ页杀靖偷闹圃旎亍!?/p>
"This goes back to the '80s and early '90s" when companies were scouting out lower-cost destinations to manufacture toys, said Greg Ahearn, president and CEO of The Toy Association.
阿赫恩說,中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力成本比全球其他許多地區(qū)都低,有助于降低玩具制造成本,從而以更低的價(jià)格讓消費(fèi)者受益。即便近年來技術(shù)不斷進(jìn)步,但玩具生產(chǎn)仍需大量手工制作,比如給娃娃或動(dòng)作玩偶的面部上色。
根據(jù)美國(guó)玩具協(xié)會(huì)數(shù)據(jù),美國(guó)市場(chǎng)上銷售的大多數(shù)玩具都是在中國(guó)生產(chǎn)。隨著特朗普對(duì)中國(guó)商品征收高達(dá)145%的關(guān)稅,這些玩具的價(jià)格可能會(huì)大幅上漲。
此外,許多玩具制造商本身都是小型企業(yè)。阿赫恩表示,相比從零開始在美國(guó)建廠,對(duì)他們來說,利用中國(guó)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施會(huì)更容易。
“短期內(nèi)沒有替代方案。美國(guó)也有部分制造能力,但主要集中在那些能夠高度自動(dòng)化的領(lǐng)域。”阿赫恩補(bǔ)充說。他也曾擔(dān)任玩具反斗城的首席營(yíng)銷官。
"There is no alternative in the short run. Yes, there is manufacturing that is done here in the US, but those are mainly things that can be highly automated," said Ahearn, who previously was the chief marketing officer at Toy "R" Us.
Basic Fun! 是一家生產(chǎn)愛心小熊 (Care Bears)和Tonka卡車等產(chǎn)品的玩具公司,其首席執(zhí)行官杰伊·福爾曼在2月的采訪中表示,公司整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈都在中國(guó)。
“我們的模具、工廠基地、生產(chǎn)流程……怎么可能說撤就撤,轉(zhuǎn)去另一個(gè)國(guó)家?”福爾曼表示,“有些東西在美國(guó)根本做不了,玩具就是其中之一。”
"Our tooling, our factory base, the consistency of production — and how do you just up and leave and go to another market?" Foreman said. "There are things you aren't able to make (in the US) physically, or produce here, and toys are one of those."
Basic Fun! 公司產(chǎn)品截圖
145%關(guān)稅政策后,福爾曼再次接受采訪時(shí)坦言:“這個(gè)局面……已經(jīng)從‘問題’演變?yōu)锽asic Fun!乃至整個(gè)行業(yè)的‘危機(jī)’。這不僅威脅到玩具的價(jià)格和供應(yīng)量,甚至可能摧毀整個(gè)行業(yè)的生存根基。”
Speaking with CNN again after the 145 percent tariffs were enacted, he said: "The situation… has gone from a problem to a crisis for Basic Fun! and our entire industry. This threatens not only the price and amount of toys that will be in the market, but the actual survival of our industry."
這種情況,也正是許多玩具公司正在面臨的困境,尤其是在他們本該為節(jié)日銷售季下訂單的時(shí)候。阿赫恩表示,由于營(yíng)收驟減,一些公司“可能難以維持運(yùn)營(yíng)”。
It's a situation many toy companies are confronting, especially now when they’d otherwise place holiday season orders. The loss of revenue means several "may not be able to stay in business," Ahearn told CNN.
Basic Fun! 目前已暫停所有玩具的運(yùn)輸,這使其陷入了潛在的嚴(yán)重危機(jī)。福爾曼說:“我們無法承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因?yàn)槲覀兏静恢镭浳锏诌_(dá)時(shí)適用的關(guān)稅是多少。”
但與此同時(shí),“如果我們沒有產(chǎn)品,就沒有現(xiàn)金流,那就意味著我們連賬單都沒法付。”
來源:中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào) 美國(guó)有線電視新聞網(wǎng)
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