1789年的《人權宣言》英文版和中文版全文

吳國發

2025年3月18日

內容提要：《人權宣言》，即《人權和公民權宣言》，1789年8月26日頒布。它宣告了人權、法治、自由、分權、平等和保護私有財產等基本原則。本文公布《人權宣言》的英文版和中文版。《人權宣言》的中文版是吳國發翻譯的。

關鍵詞：人權宣言法律 公民權 法國 自由 平等

《人權宣言》，即《人權和公民權宣言》，1789年8月26日頒布，是法國大革 命 時期頒布的綱領性文件。它宣告了人權、法治、自由、分權、平等和保護私有財產等基本原則。

《人權宣言》是法國原創的，沒有抄襲美國的《憲法》、《獨立宣言》和任何其它文獻。

《人權宣言》采用了18世紀的啟蒙學說和自然權論。它宣布自由、財產、安全和反抗壓迫是天賦不可剝奪的人權，肯定了信仰、言論、出版自由，闡明了權力分立、法律面前人人平等、私有財產神圣不可侵犯等原則。

顯然，“財產權是神圣的不可侵犯的公民權利”是維護私有制的剝削階級原則。

下面，我們公布《人權宣言》的英文版和中文版。

《人權宣言》的中文版是吳國發翻譯的。

下圖是法文《人權宣言》宣傳畫。上面之間位置的閃光三角形中有一顆全視眼。這是共濟會的標志。共濟會支持法國大 革 命。

宣言的英文版

《人權宣言》原文是法文。宣言存在若干英文譯本。流行的版本有憲法委員會網站的英譯本（Declaration of theRights of Man and of Citizens by The National Assembly of France 1789）和托馬斯·派恩（Thomas Paine）的譯本。這些譯本在英文表述上存在細微差別。

派恩的英譯本出自他的名著《人權論》，內容如下：

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens by The NationalAssembly of France

Therepresentatives of the people of FRANCE, formed into a NATIONAL ASSEMBLY,considering that ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights, are the solecauses of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government, have resolved toset forth in a solemn declaration, these natural, imprescriptible, andinalienable rights: that this declaration being constantly present to the mindsof the members of the body social, they may be forever kept attentive to theirrights and their duties；that the acts of the legislative and executive powers of Government, beingcapable of being every moment compared with the end of political institutions,may be more respected；and also, that the future claims of the citizens, being directed by simple andincontestable principles, may always tend to the maintenance of theConstitution, and the general happiness.

Forthese reasons the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY doth recognize and declare, in the presenceof the Supreme Being, and with the hope of his blessing and favor, thefollowing sacred rights of men and of citizens:

One:

Menare born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civildistinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility.

Two:

Theaim of all political associations is the preservation of the natural andimprescriptible rights of man；and these rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression.

Three:

Thenation is essentially the source of all sovereignty； nor can any individual,or any body of men, be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derivedfrom it.

Four:

Politicalliberty consists in the power of doing whatever does not injure another. Theexercise of the natural rights of every man, has no other limits than thosewhich are necessary to secure to every other man the free exercise of the samerights； and these limits aredeterminable only by the law.

Five:

Thelaw ought to prohibit only actions hurtful to society. What is not prohibitedby the law should not be hindered；nor should anyone be compelled to that which the law does not require.

Six:

Thelaw is an expression of the will of the community. All citizens have a right toconcur, either personally or by their representatives, in its formation. Itshould be the same to all, whether it protects or punishes； and all being equal inits sight, are equally eligible to all honors, places, and employments,according to their different abilities, without any other distinction than thatcreated by their virtues and talents.

Seven:

Noman should be accused, arrested, or held in confinement, except in casesdetermined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Allwho promote, solicit, execute, or cause to be executed, arbitrary orders, oughtto be punished, and every citizen called upon, or apprehended by virtue of thelaw, ought immediately to obey, and renders himself culpable by resistance.

Eight:

Thelaw ought to impose no other penalties but such as are absolutely and evidentlynecessary； and no one ought to bepunished, but in virtue of a law promulgated before the offence, and legallyapplied.

Nine:

Everyman being presumed innocent till he has been convicted, whenever his detentionbecomes indispensable, all rigour to him, more than is necessary to secure hisperson, ought to be provided against by the law.

Ten:

Noman ought to be molested on account of his opinions, not even on account of hisreligious opinions, provided his avowal of them does not disturb the publicorder established by the law.

Eleven:

Theunrestrained communication of thoughts and opinions being one of the mostprecious rights of man, every citizen may speak, write, and publish freely,provided he is responsible for the abuse of this liberty, in cases determinedby the law.

Twelve:

Apublic force being necessary to give security to the rights of men and ofcitizens, that force is instituted for the benefit of the community and not forthe particular benefit of the persons to whom it is entrusted.

Thirteen:

Acommon contribution being necessary for the support of the public force, andfor defraying the other expenses of government, it ought to be divided equallyamong the members of the community, according to their abilities.

Fourteen:

Everycitizen has a right, either by himself or his representative, to a free voicein determining the necessity of public contributions, the appropriation ofthem, and their amount, mode of assessment, and duration.

Fifteen:

Everycommunity has a right to demand of all its agents an account of their conduct.

Sixteen:

Everycommunity in which a separation of powers and a security of rights is notprovided for, wants a constitution.

Seventeen:

Theright to property being inviolable and sacred, no one ought to be deprived ofit, except in cases of evident public necessity, legally ascertained, and oncondition of a previous just indemnity.

王建學的中文版譯文有多個錯誤

《人權宣言》存在若干中文譯本，這些譯本在中文表述上存在差別。較為權威的中譯本是天津大學法學院教授王建學的譯本。

筆者吳國發經過認真閱讀英文版《人權宣言》，對照王建學翻譯的中文版《人權宣言》，發現王建學的譯文有些錯誤，甚至有原則性的錯誤。

例如，法文版和英文版都沒有詞匯“序言”（Preface）和“正文”（body text或main text）。可是，王建學的譯文加上了“序言”和“正文”。這是中文宣言、憲法、章程的習慣。

又如，第一條，王建學把“Civil distinctions,therefore, can be founded only on public utility”譯成“社會差別只能建立在公益基礎之上”。這句話的正確譯文（吳國發的譯文）是“因此，民事區別只能在公用事業方面存在”。這兩句譯文有實質上的區別：王建學的譯文承認社會地位的特權，吳國發的譯文否定社會特權。英文public utility的意思是“公用事業”，特指供給居民的自來水、電、煤氣等。

再如，第十四條，英文的原文沒有詞匯“稅率、稅基”，而王建學的譯文卻有“決定稅率、稅基、征收方式和期限”。

下面是吳國發翻譯的《人權宣言》。

1789年人權和公民權宣言

（1789年8月26日制憲國民會議頒布）

組成國民議會的法國人民代表，考慮到無知、忽視或蔑視人權是造成公共不幸和政府腐敗的唯一原因，決定在一份莊嚴的宣言中闡明這些自然的、不受限制的和不可剝奪的權利。這項宣言始終存在于社會團體成員的腦海中。他們可以永遠關注他們的權利和義務；政府的立法權和行政權的行為，與政治制度的終結相比，每時每刻都將得到更多的尊重；而且，公民的未來要求，在簡單而無可爭辯的原則的指導下，將總是傾向于維護憲法和普遍的幸福。

出于這些原因，國民議會在至高無上的上帝面前，并希望得到他的祝福和恩惠，承認并宣布以下神圣的人權和公民權。

第一條：

人生來就是而且始終是自由的，在權利方面永遠平等。因此，民事區別只能在公用事業方面存在。

第二條：

所有政治性結合的目標都是維護人類自然的和不受時效約束的權利。這些權利是自由、財產、安全和抵抗壓迫的權利。

第三條：

國家的所有主權本質上都來源于國民；任何個人或團體都無權獲得任何不是明確地來自國民的權力。

第四條：

政治自由在于做任何不傷害他人的事情的能力。每個人的自然權利的行使，除了保證每一個人自由行使同樣權利所必需的限制外，沒有其他限制；而這些限制只能由法律確定。

第五條：

法律應該只禁止對社會有害的行為。法律不禁止的不應受到阻礙和限制；也不應強迫任何人接受法律沒有要求的事情。

第六條：

法律是公意（全體社會成員共同意志）的表達。所有公民都有權親自或通過其代表參與法律的制定。法律對于所有的人，無論是施行保護或是懲罰，都一視同仁。在法律面前，所有人都是平等的。根據公民的不同能力，他們平等地有資格獲得所有的榮譽、地位和工作；除了他們的品德和才能所造成的區別之外，沒有任何其他區別。

第七條：

除非是法律所確定的案件，并按照法律所規定的形式進行，任何人都不受指控、逮捕或監禁。凡提倡、教唆、執行或促使執行違法命令的人，都應該受到懲罰。每一個依法被傳喚或依法被逮捕的公民，都應該立即服從，抗拒就是犯罪。

第八條：

除了絕對和明顯必要的處罰，法律不應施加其它處罰；任何人都不應該受到懲罰，除非根據犯罪之前頒布并依法適用的法律。

第九條：

所有人直到被宣告有罪之前，均應被推定為無罪。即使判定拘留實屬必要者，一切為羈押其身體而不必要的嚴格措施，都是違法的。

第十條：

任何人都不應該因為其觀點而遭到干涉，并且也不應該因為其宗教觀點而遭到干涉，只要他公開發表這些觀點并不擾亂法律所建立的公共秩序。

第十一條：

無拘無束地交流思想和意見是人類最寶貴的權利之一。每個公民都可以自由地說話、寫作和出版，只要他在法律規定的情況下對這種自由的濫用承擔責任。

第十二條：

公共武裝力量是保障人權和公民權所必需的。這種力量是為了社會的利益而設立的，不是為了此種力量的委托人的特殊利益而設立的。

第十三條：

為了支付公共武裝力量的開支和支付 政府 的開支，公共賦稅是必要的；賦稅應在全體公民之間按其能力平等地分攤。

第十四條：

每個公民，無論是自己還是其代表，在決定公共賦稅的必要性、公共撥款的數量、分攤方式和期限方面，都有自由發言權。

第十五條：

每個公民和公民團體都有權要求其所有代理人報告他們的行為。

第十六條：

每個社會，如果沒有權力分立，沒有人權和公民權的保障，那么就需要一部憲法。

第十七條：

財產權是神圣的不可侵犯的公民權利。除非在明顯的公共需要的情況下，經法律確定，并有公正的預先補償的條件，任何人的財產權都不能被剝奪。