2025年2月21日,美國白宮發布“America First Investment Policy”備忘錄,其中有三點跟中概股直接相關:
- 其一是確定《外國公司問責法》(Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act)所要求的審計標準是否得到充分執行;
- 其二是審查外國對手(foreign-adversary)公司在美國上市采用的VIE架構對所有權限制及美國投資者保護情況,以及對這些公司欺詐行為的指控;
- 其三恢復《退休雇員安全法》最高的信義義務標準以確保外國對手公司不再符合養老金投資的標準①。
第三點還算是過去一系列限制投資中國公司政策的延續和加強,如備忘錄里列舉的一系列的行政命令提出的對中國公司發行的證券的投資限制②。但是第一和第二點應當引起警惕。
《外國公司問責法》推出后,中美圍繞中概股審計檢查問題進行了長期艱苦的談判。終于,中國證券監督管理委員會、中華人民共和國財政部于2022年8月26日與美國公眾公司會計監督委員會(PCAOB)簽署審計監管合作協議。后續PCAOB展開了檢查,合作總體上較為順暢,檢查結果也出乎意料的平靜,并沒有發現太多的嚴重舞弊,特別是不存在系統性的問題。
在市場逐漸忽略這個問題帶來的挑戰時,美國白宮重提此事,并要求美國財政部會商美國證監會和PCAOB進行再研判。在政治導向如此明顯的背景下,這勢必會導致PCAOB加大對審計機構的檢查力度和提升檢查的尺度,這可能會導致部分中小型審計機構(而這些恰恰是為中概股服務的主流機構)工作承壓,部分工作質量不夠高的審計機構可能退出市場,同時必然導致審計程序更加嚴苛,增加上市成本和復雜度。
此外,目前不少受PCAOB監管的外國審計機構在審計中概股公司時選擇與本地審計機構合作(這同時也是因為受到中國財政部的規則限制),而這種合作是否足夠嚴格其實并沒有經過嚴苛的審視,不排除未來這將會成為PCAOB加強檢查行為模式下的關注重點。
更為值得關注的是備忘錄對VIE架構的高度關切。
早在Gary Gensler主政美國證監會期間,就公開地、多次地對中概股公司普遍使用的VIE架構發出過強烈質疑。2021年7月,Gary Gensler在推特上稱,對于海外“殼公司”以及購買“殼公司”股票的投資者而言,他們并不實際擁有對應境內運營公司的股票,而普通投資者可能很難認識到這一點。10月份在美國國會聽證會上說的則更加負面③。后來SEC雖然沒有禁止VIE(實際上主要是因為SEC沒有這個權力),但是要求一系列嚴格的風險披露并且對VIE架構公司審查也更為嚴格。
其實中國監管部門對VIE架構公司也是非常慎重,這導致VIE架構可能“腹背承壓”,雖然市場現在已經意識到這一點,能不用VIE的盡量不用VIE,但是恐怕未來還要提升等級,甚至干脆就徹底放棄VIE。
尤為值得警惕的是對VIE架構的審查。備忘錄是要求美國司法部會同FBI實施的,要求他們圍繞這些采取VIE架構的中概股公司可審計性、公司治理、民事或刑事欺詐行為等給美國投資者帶來的風險提交一份書面建議④。美國司法部和FBI是調查及執法機構,其“問題導向性”的行為模式,疊加備忘錄的特殊政治考慮,就很容易導致這一建議成為“上綱上線”的指控檄文,不排除將VIE架構本身定性為一種“欺詐”做法(scheme)。
這些要求不僅影響未來中國公司赴美上市,而且對已經在美國上市的中概股都是一種極大的打擊,不排除美國司法部采取一系列執法措施,逼迫這些VIE架構公司與美國司法部達成刑事和解。美國式遠洋捕撈不可不防。
注釋:
① (l) To protect the savings of United States investors and channel them into American growth and prosperity, my Administration will also: (i) determine if adequate financial auditing standards are upheld for companies covered by the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act; (ii) review the variable interest entity and subsidiary structures used by foreign-adversary companies to trade on United States exchanges, which limit the ownership rights and protections for United States investors, as well as allegations of fraudulent behavior by these companies; and (iii) restore the highest fiduciary standards as required by the Employee Retirement Security Act of 1974, seeking to ensure that foreign adversary companies are ineligible for pension plan contributions.
② The United States will also use all necessary legal instruments to further deter United States persons from investing in the PRC’s military-industrial sector. These may include the imposition of sanctions under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) through the blocking of assets or through other actions, including actions pursuant to Executive Order 13959 of November 12, 2020 (Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies), as amended by Executive Order 13974 of January 13, 2021 (Amending Executive Order 13959 — Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Communist Chinese Military Companies) and Executive Order 14032 of June 3, 2021 (Addressing the Threat From Securities Investments That Finance Certain Companies of the People’s Republic of China), and actions pursuant to Executive Order 14105 of August 9, 2023 (Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern). Executive Order 14105 is under review by my Administration, pursuant to the Presidential Memorandum of January 20, 2025 (America First Trade Policy), to examine whether it includes sufficient controls to address national security threats.
③ “…… investors might not realize they don’t actually own a piece of the Chinese company—they’re betting on contracts that could be voided by Beijing at any moment.”
④ with respect to section 2(l)(ii) of this memorandum, the Attorney General, in coordination with the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, shall provide a written recommendation on the risk posed to United States investors based on the auditability, corporate oversight, and evidence of criminal or civil fraudulent behavior for all foreign adversary companies currently listed on domestic exchanges; and with respect to section 2(l)(iii) of this memorandum.
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